Computers And Its Impact On Modern Society Essay - 1260 Words

Computers In between 1943 and 1946, ENIAC was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at University of Pennsylvania, U.S. ENIAC was a modular computer, collected of separate panels to perform different functions. Twenty of these parts were accumulators, which could not only add and subtract but hold a ten-digit decimal number in memory. Numbers were passed between these units across several general-purpose buses. In order to achieve its high speed, the panels had to send and receive numbers, save the answer and produce the next operation, all without any moving parts. Key to its usefulness was the ability to branch; it could produce different operations, depending on the sign of a computed result. ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and about 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. It weighed more than 30 tons, was roughly 2.4m Ãâ€" 0.9m Ãâ€" 30m in size, and consumed 150 kW of electricity. This power requirement led to th e rumour that whenever the computer was switched on, lights in Philadelphia dimmed. UNIVAC I MAINFRAME COMPUTER UNIVAC I mainframe computer of 1951, which became known for predicting the outcome of the U.S. presidential election the following year. This incident is particularly important because the computer predicted an Eisenhower landslide when traditional pollsters all called it for Adlai Stevenson. The numbers were so skewed that CBS s news boss in New York, Mickelson, decided theShow MoreRelatedNext Came The Third Generation In 1963; In This Generation,1681 Words   |  7 Pages1963; in this generation, the computer became smaller, more influential, and more reliable and it was able to run lots diverse programs at the same time. Transistors were reduced and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which hugely increased the speed and productivity of computers. Also, it s much smaller and cheaper compared to the second generation computers. Because of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of lifeRead MoreInflue nce Of Mass Media885 Words   |  4 Pagesinstrumental in shaping the social culture by transforming the viewers’ opinions or swaying them one way or another. The idea that a film can have such an enormous impact on people can be difficult for some, however, this same impact can also be a great tool when used properly and for the right reasons (Influence of Film on Modern Society, n.d.). Radio became a new form of communication and entertainment. Between the 1920’s and 1950’s many radio shows were broadcast, and gathering around the radioRead MoreInformation Technology and Society Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pageshas the potential to change societal structure and processes similar in scale to that of both the Agricultural Revolution and the Industrial Revolution. On this basis governments should ensure provision of Information Technology to all members of society as a matter of urgency. Discuss. Today, we are experiencing a technological revolution. There is nothing silent or stealthy about it – we are aware of new technology arriving every year. In-your-face advertising and attractive shop displays temptRead MoreThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care Medicine1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Computer Science on Health Care amp; Medicine Abstract Computer science can be defined as the systematic study of algorithmic processes, their theory, design, analysis, implementation and application. Its functions in the modern society today expand far beyond the uses one could even begin to imagine. Specifically, there is an increased influence in its practical application in the field of medicine. In recent times, an interdependent relationship between medicineRead MoreResults of Advancements in Technology Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society, modern technology is evidently developing rapidly and it is portrayed as a negative impact. It can be seen that technology is a substitution of all characteristics of life. The purpose of every technological invention is to benefit the lives of mankind; thus re-enforcing the positive connotation of technology. However, in long term it may not be beneficial; such as, education, work and leisure are all becoming dependent on technology; cyberspace is dangerous and chi ld obesityRead MoreThe Human Race : A Great Deal Over The Course Of Recent History Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesCountless of these developments in society can be attributed to the achievements of engineers - however, despite this, many do not realise their contribution and importance. One of the fundamental bases behind these engineering feats is the harnessing of energy sources, such as electrical and heat energy. This has allowed for many innovations, for example power stations, transportation, communications and computers, which have all become critical to society and the modern world in which we live. Read MoreCulture Globalization and Its Impact on Recreation Culture1353 Words   |  6 Pagescentury until that day by globalization theory, its concept and future impacts . the scientists opinions had varied about globalization repercussions at rising countries including the Arab and Islamic countries . cultural globalization is one of globalization fields which correlated by cultural side , all life fields impacted by globalization , the sport field is one of fields which impact by social phenomenon what appear on societies , but globalization appearance and its effect on any field will connectedRead MoreComputer Addiction : The Greatest Invention1607 Words   |  7 Pages Computer is the greatest invention, which be applied in many ways fields such as mechanical, electronics, robotics etc. Computers serve to help people and make their life easier and their activity more productive, but there has appeared a problem of the computer addiction or dependency, especially amo ng the young people. Computers are convenient devices that many of us use daily. They have become an integral part of our lives, allowing us to work from home, stay in contact with friendsRead MoreEssay on Incorporation of Technology into Modern Education984 Words   |  4 PagesIncorporation of Technology into Modern Education Education has long been a part of our society. In order to keep society progressing forward, education must also progress forward. Part of this forward progression is the incorporation of technology into modern education. Technology has always been in schools. The development of things like the overhead projector, typewriter, and blackboards have all played key roles in education. However, the pinnacle of technological advances has been theRead MoreWhat Would The World Be Without Technology?1573 Words   |  7 Pageswithout technology may seem inconceivable to some people. Modern society relies and revolves heavily around technology and continues to involve every day. Throughout mankind’s existence, humanity has been able to find ways to progress new ideas and innovate the world towards a brighter future. For example, scientist and inventors are researching and developing autonomous vehicles. These vehicles will be self-directed and revolutionize the modern concept of transportation. This very notion would seem

The Crucible By Arthur Mills Essay - 1690 Words

â€Å"Proctor, with a cry of his whole soul: Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! (Miller, 133) As The Crucible commences, Arthur Mills transports the reader to 17th century Salem, Massachusetts, to reenact the affliction of the Salem Witch Trials, ultimately leading to regret and fatality. Miller utilizes his troubled experience with McCarthyism to advance his writing of this controversial play. During 1692, Salem, Massachusetts, had been inhabited by Puritans, who primarily idolized wealth and status. The strictness of the Puritan society led to the calamitous destruction of the people and ,ultimately, to death. Though the play is not set in modern times, Miller provides the reader with relatable themes: ideology and avarice. Miller applies his knowledge of the Puritan society t o portray the product of strict ideology, and characters such as Thomas Putnam and Abigail Williams demonstrate the prevalent avarice in the community. To further entice the reader, allusions, figurative language, and symbolism are utilized. Arthur Miller was born in Manhattan, New York in the fall of 1915 to immigrant parents of Polish and Jewish origin. Miller’s mother, Augusta, was an educator and was known to avidly read novels, presumably where Miller inherited his love for writing. During theShow MoreRelatedMass Hysteria In Arthur Millers The Crucible833 Words   |  4 Pages Fear is a powerful emotion in The Crucible. It defines the human race. In old ignorant societies such as puritan Salem in 1692, fear runs rampant when dozens of innocent people are accused of witchcraft and some hanged. In Arthur Miller’s famous play The Crucible, dozens of innocent citizens were hung for the wrongful accusation of witchcraft in Salem. It also happened in 1962 when 62 texti le workers came down with a disease that was blamed on the bite of a Junebug. When fear becomes widespreadRead MoreHow Does Arthur Miller s The Crucible Explore The Place Of The Individual930 Words   |  4 PagesHow does Arthur Miller’s The Crucible explore the place of the individual in society? Similar to Tocqueville before him, John Stuart Mill was critical about the American democracy and its resulting social pressures on the individual. The consequences of the tyranny of conformity sat at the forefront of his mind. Frank Prochaska in his review of Mill described the term as ‘a society in which scarcely any person had the courage to dissent.’ Arthur Miller draws on this idea in The Crucible by exploringRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1405 Words   |  6 Pagesof ladies, fiend and sin all in all. 4. SALEM WITCHCRAFT TRIALS IN ARTHUR MILLER S THE CRUCIBLE Since the center of this paper is to consider Salem occasions from the point of view of the part and position of ladies, already specified hypotheses will be utilized to view a few representations of Salem occasions in American writing. Maybe the best known work enlivened by Salem witchcraft trials is Arthur Miller s The Crucible. Mill operator utilized the Puritan connection as a parallel to and a stud yRead MoreArthur Millers Life Influences on His Works600 Words   |  2 Pagesfrom the prominent American playwright Arthur Miller. This quote summed up Millers approach towards life and how others should live. Arthur Miller, by mirroring the issues of their time in a new light through his plays, sought to better America as he tackled political issues of his time in a way that his vast audiences would understand. Arthur Miller could be considered one of the most radical thinkers of the twentieth century through his bold messages. Arthur Miller exposed the flaws in the pursuitRead MoreAmerican Character - Then and Now2118 Words   |  9 Pagesexperiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American character was not simply a product of English character transported to America, but rather another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the best when he said, In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race , English in neither nationality nor characteristics (Faragher 64). How exactly did American character form and what defines it? Turner answered this questionRead More american character - then and now Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagesexperiences. Unlike Crevecour, Turner believed that American character was not simply a product of English character transported to America, but rather another idea altogether (Faragher 63). He expressed this opinion the best when he said, â€Å"In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics† (Faragher 64). How exactly did American character form and what defines it? Turner answered this questionRead More William Faulkners Use of Shakespeare Essay5388 Words   |  22 Pagesposition as pastor of a church, and finally even his right to the title of ordained minister. When we meet him early in the novel, he is living out his barren existen ce largely behind the closed doors of his house, entertaining no visitors except one, a mill worker and church layman named Byron Bunch. As Faulkner’s novel unfolds, looping backward as well as forward, we are led to understand the reasons for Hightower’s tragic failure. Like many of Faulkner’s modern white male Southerners, the youthfulRead MoreBelonging Essay4112 Words   |  17 Pagesnot choose from the below list. Tan, Amy, The Joy Luck Club Lahiri, Jhumpa, The Namesake Dickens, Charles, Great Expectations Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, Heat and Dust Winch, Tara June, Swallow the Air Gaita, Raimond, Romulus, My Father Miller, Arthur, The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Harrison, Jane, Rainbow’s End Luhrmann, Baz, Strictly Ballroom - film De Heer, Rolf, Ten Canoes - film Shakespeare, William, As You Like It Skrzynecki, Peter, Immigrant Chronicle Dickinson, Emily, Selected Poems of EmilyRead MoreCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization4302 Words   |  18 PagesCaribbean Crucible: History, Culture, and Globalization Kevin A. Yelvington In the present age of globalization, it is often forgotten that these world-encompassing processes were initiated with European expansion into the Caribbean beginning more than five hundred years ago. We now see the proliferation of overseas factories enabling owners, producers, and consumers of products to be in widely distant locales. It seems to us that in the search for profits, commercial activity has recently spreadRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesof Congress) In 1869, Grandmother Mary had married Charles Langston, the son of a white plantation owner and a slave. In 1888, Mary and Charles Langston moved to Lawrence with their children, Carrie and Nathaniel. (Nathaniel was later killed in a mill accident.) They bought a house near Kansas University and opened a grocery store. Everyone in Lawrence respected Charles Langston, but he was not a good business man. When he died in 1892, he left Mary Langston nothing but a pair of gold earrings and

Night Elie Weisel Free Essays

â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Elie Weisel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust.Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never† (Wiesel 43). As he reflects upon his horrendous first night in the concentration camp and its lasting effect on his life, Wiesel introduces the theme of Eliezer’s spiritual crisis and his loss of faith in God. The repetition of the phrase â€Å"Never shall I forget† illustrates how Eliezer’s experiences are forever burned into his mind; like the actual experiences, the memories of them are inescapable.The phrase seems also like a personal mantra for Wiesel, who understands the crucial necessity of remembering the horrible events of the Holocaust and bringing them to light so that nothing like them can ever happen again. this passage resembles two significant pieces of literature: Psalm 150, from the Bible, and French author Emile Zola’s 1898 essay â€Å"Jâ €™accuse. † Psalm 150, the final prayer in the book of Psalms, is an ecstatic celebration of God. Each line begins, â€Å"Hallelujah,† or â€Å"Praise God. Here, Wiesel constructs an inverse version of that psalm, beginning each line with a negation—â€Å"Never†Ã¢â‚¬â€that replaces the affirmative â€Å"Hallelujah† of the original. Whereas Psalm 150 praises God, this passage questions him. As such, both the form and content of this passage reflect the inversion of Eliezer’s faith and the morality of the world around him. Everything he once believed has been turned upside down, in the same way that this passage’s words invert both the form and content of Psalm 150.Eliezer claims that his faith is utterly destroyed, yet at the same time says that he will never forget these things even if he â€Å"live[s] as long as God Himself. † After completely denying the existence of God, he refers to God’s existence in the final line. As mentioned before, Wiesel wrote elsewhere, â€Å"My anger rises up within faith and not outside it. † Eliezer reflects this position, which is particularly visible throughout this passage. Despite saying he has lost all faith, it is clear that Eliezer is actually struggling with his faith and his God.Just as he is never able to forget the horror of â€Å"that night,† he is never able to reject completely his heritage and his religion. Elie, the narrator, is a deeply spiritual and passionate child growing up in Eastern Europe. He studies the Torah and the Cabala. He goes to the synagogue and weeps. He actually weeps when he prays, that is how deep and passionate is his faith in God. Through the process of de-humanization instituted by the Nazis, Elie rapidly loses his faith in God. Now, I wish to be clear.At no point does he stop believing in God. Rather, he loses his faith that God is an omnipotent and all-loving God. He sees what is happening all around him to God’s own chosen people, and suffers the destruction of his life’s most important paradigm, to be replaced with a cynicism and heroic humanism. Elie has not stopped believing in God. But, for him, the God whom he loved and adored has been hung and executed. His innocent passionate love of God has been executed. -silence of God -never forget what humans are capable of How to cite Night Elie Weisel, Papers

Ticketing System in IOT-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Ticketing System. Answer: Introduction The office of the Information technology (OIT) of the silicon forest state University (SFSU) uses a ticking system in order to record bugs across the various department in the OIT in order to emphasize on maintaining the information system as the SFSU level. This is mainly done with the prospective of the front end which mainly include back end user interface which include network, database and server. A software which is known as remedy was chosen. This decision with the implementation of the software was somewhat flawed this is due to the fact that not all the department within the concerned organization support the software [1]. The software worked well for the front end of the OIT but it was a concern with the back end because the back end worked under the UNIX system Background of the case study The OIT (Office of the Information technology) is mainly a functional organization. The company mainly has four major departments which included the information system department, computing and networking service department, the inspector and the research service department and the student support [6]. The different department used different ticketing software as a result of which there lied a gap in means of how the information is being processed. The main process in the system was that the front end used the remedy which of translated or converting the message which was the format of the message used by remedy with regards to reaching the back end team. Risk management Plan In a meeting, the body of the concerned organization agreed with the fact of the problem in their hand with the system involved in ticketing and they need a solution to the problem. With regard to the university it was on budget constraints and the OIT is among one of the many departments in the concerned sector that experienced the most severe budget cuts. Through the use of their emailing chain the users passed along their own requirement [5]. These suggestions were addressed in their weekly meeting. The whole process in order to implement and set a goal took about three months of time. Taking into consideration of all the aspects of the requirement and the scrutiny of the options available, they decided to replace remedy with request tracker. The request tracker was used by some of the departments of the OIT. Since the software was already in use, the time spend on learning how it works can be reduced greatly and with regard to the change it would need changes in only few departme nts. Identify risk associated with this project (case study) One of the most concerned factor with the implementation of the project was that the project is a cross departmental project. According to the case study Ron reported to Baken who was his superior and Harry and its team reported to someone else not to Baken. The procedure in which organization is structured is become very difficult to convince other departments which were on the same level to work on this kind of a project. This is due to the factor that the other departments would be focusing on their own responsibility and would indirectly give less propriety to those projects that mainly come from other department [7]. Risk analysis for identified risks The risk analysis was that the project would be thoroughly maintained by emailing and the system of ticketing which was request tracker. The team UNIX and other back end time used the request tracker in order to manage the system [3]. In order to manage the project they usually send a ticket when they required an action item to be done. Risk responses plan for identified risks The response of the ticket generated whenever there would be an action required would be taken care of by the expert who would be from within the organization or a volunteer not from within the organization. Plan for monitoring and controlling identified risk In order for the monitoring aspect after the ticket is generated the task goes to the Planning for monitoring and controlling identified risks expert who would be from within the organization or a volunteer not from within the organization. After the concerned person completes the task, a reply ticket would be generated which would be send back through the request tracker [4]. The main aim of sending the reply of the ticket generated is that, everyone especially the person who has generated the ticket would be able to know who had worked in the concerned situation and in further problem from the same sector can be addressed by the same personal. This would directly reduce the cost related factor because the concerned person would have pre knowledge of the system and the time required in order to know the system would be minimized [8]. Justification of your proposed risk management plan The risk management plan is justifying in the sense that the total implementation would be taking a time of six months if the proposed plans every made and justification is given to each of the implementation [2]. The plan would be beneficial since all the departments would be working on the same software and before this implementation the time which was taken in order to transfer message would be decreased highly. Conclusion It can be concluded from the report that the overall change of the ticketing software would be highly beneficial for all the departments in the concerned case. Before the implementation of the new ticketing software which is request tracker, remedy was used and there was one more problem that each and every department would be involved in different ticketing application as a result of which the communication between them was very difficult rather inappropriate. The new implementation which is the request tracker would be a common application for all the departments. The main advantage with the implementation of the ticketing application request tracker is that it was used before in some departments this is beneficial because the time needed in order to know how the system works would be decreased considerably and the implementation of the application would be quite easy as well as working with the application. References Balakrishnan, Srinivasan, and Mitchell P. Koza. "Information asymmetry, adverse selection and joint-ventures: Theory and evidence." Journal of economic behavior organization 20.1 (1993): 99-117. Drucker, Peter F. The Theory of the Business (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press, 2017. Orlikowski, Wanda J., et al., eds. Information technology and changes in organizational work. Springer, 2016. Orlikowski, Wanda J., et al., eds. Information technology and changes in organizational work. Springer, 2016. Sabherwal, Rajiv, and Anand Jeyaraj. "Measuring the business value of IT: simplify with caution." LSE Business Review (2016). Schulze, William S., et al. "Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence." Organization science 12.2 (2001): 99-116. Tallon, Paul P., et al. "Business process and information technology alignment: construct conceptualization, empirical illustration, and directions for future research." Journal of the Association for Information Systems 17.9 (2016): 563. Teece, David J., et al. "Understanding corporate coherence: Theory and evidence." Journal of economic behavior organization 23.1 (1994): 1-30

Case of Ski Pro Corporation

Many times firms engaged in manufacturing operations are confronted with a buy or make decision. Such a decision revolves around whether to manufacture each input required for the finished product, they produce or to buy them from the market. A number of factors, such as input costs and sales volumes influence this decision.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case of Ski Pro Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis of the cost workings of the Ski Corporation reveals that buying the bindings will result in an increase in the variable costs per pair of skis, of 50 cents than the costs of producing the bindings, within the factory. Therefore, the decision is to make the bindings in-house. When a sales volume of 10,000 units per year is considered, Ski Corporation may produce its own bindings, as own manufacture will result in break-even sales. On the other hand, buying the bindings will lead to a loss of $ 5,000 to the company. Considering a sales volume at 12,500 units per year, Ski Corporation may buy the bindings instead of manufacturing them in-house. This is because making the additional volume of bindings will need new investment from Ski Corporation to purchase new equipment. Therefore, it will make sense for Ski Corporation to buy the bindings incurring the increased variable costs. In this case, the company can avoid the additional investment of $10,000 in fixed costs, which is required to manufacture the bindings in-house. Buying bindings at a sales volume of 12,500 units will make the company earn a profit of $18,750, whereas producing them in house will result in a profit of only $15,000, which is lower by $ 3,750. When the company hits a sales volume of 30,000 units, it is advisable for Ski Corporation to invest the additional $10,000 for manufacturing the bindings in- house. With a high sales volume of 30,000 units, it is prudent to make the additional investment, as th e 50 cents of savings per pair of skis will make good the additional investment cost. At a sales volume of 30,000 units, Ski Corporation will be able to make a profit of $190,000 by making its own bindings, as against $185,000 if the corporation purchases the bindings. In addition, the additional facility created will lead to more profits, when the company increases its sales volume above 30,000 units.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the company decides to manufacture the inputs at its own facilities in-house or to procure them in the market from different vendors, the company has to consider a number of qualitative factors, which have an impact on such a decision. When the company decides to produce in-house, there can be better quality control of the inputs, and the company can avoid the risk of delays in deliveries. On the other hand, by procuring the inputs from a vendor in the market, the company is at an advantageous position with respect to the flexibility of production quantities. Moreover, the company can focus on the manufacture of its core products. However, there is the potential risk of lower quality and delayed deliveries, which depends largely on the reliability of the supplier. Finally, the firm must consider costs as well as other pros and cons, while deciding to make or buy manufacturing inputs for completion of its products. This essay on Case of Ski Pro Corporation was written and submitted by user Ethen P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Indian Removal Essays - Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, Choctaw

Indian Removal Essays - Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory, Choctaw Indian Removal INTRODUCTION On May 26, 1830, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed by the Twenty-First Congress of the United states of America. After four months of strong debate, Andrew Jackson signed the bill into law. Land greed was a big reason for the federal government's position on Indian removal. This desire for Indian lands was also abetted by the Indian hating mentallity that was peculiar to some American frontiersman. This period of forcible removal first started with the Cherokee Indians in the state of Georgia. In 1802, the Georgia legislature signed a compact giving the federal government all of her claims to western lands in exchange for the government's pledge to extigiush all Indian titles to land within the state. But by the mid-1820's Georgians began to doubt that the government would withhold its part of the bargain. The Cherokee Indian tribes had a substantial part of land in Georgia that they had had for many generations though. They were worried about losing their land so they forced the issue by adopting a written constitution. This document proclaimed that the Cherokee nation had complete jurisdiction over its own territory. But by now Indian removal had become entwined with the state of Georgia's rights and the Cherokee tribes had to make their claims in court. When the Cherokee nation sought aid from newly elected president Andrew Jackson, he informed them that he would not interfere with the lawful prerogatives of the state of Georgia. Jackson saw the solution of the problem with the removal of the Cherokee tribes to lands west. This would keep contact between Indians and colonists rare. He suggested that laws be past so that the Indians would have to move west of the Mississippi river. Similar incidents happened between the other "civilized" tribes and white men. The Seminole tribe had land disputes with the state of Florida. The Creek Indians fought many battles against the federal army so they could keep their land in the states of Alabama and Georgia. The Chickisaw and Choctaw had disputes with the state of Mississippi. To ensure peace the government forced these five tribes called the Five Civilized Tribes to move out of their lands that they had lived on for generations and to move to land given to them in parts of Oklahoma. Andrew Jackson was quoted as saying that this was a way of protecting them and allowing them time to adjust to the white culture. This land in Oklahome was thinly settled and was thought to have little value. Within 10 years of the Indian Removal Act, more than 70,000 Indians had moved across the Mississippi. Many Indians died on this journey. "The Trails of Tears" The term "Trails of Tears" was given to the period of ten years in which over 70,000 Indians had to give up their homes and move to certain areas assigned to tribes in Oklahoma. The tribes were given a right to all of Oklahoma except the Panhandle. The government promised this land to them "as long as grass shall grow and rivers run." Unfortunately, the land that they were given only lasted till about 1906 and then they were forced to move to other reservations. The Trails of Tears were several trails that the Five civilized Tribes traveled on their way to their new lands. Many Indians died because of famine or disease. Sometimes a person would die because of the harsh living conditions. The tribes had to walk all day long and get very little rest. All this was in order to free more land for white settlers. The period of forcible removal started when Andrew Jackson became Presidentin 1829. At that time there was reported to be sightings of gold in the Cherokee territory in Georgia which caused prospectors to rush in, tearing down fences and destroying crops. In Mississippi, the state laws were extended over Choctaw and Chickisaw lands, and in 1930 the Indians were made citizens which made it illegal to hold any tribal office. Also in Georgia, the Cherokee tribes were forbade to hold any type of tribal legislature except to ratify land cessions, and the citzens of Georgia were invited to rob and plunder the tribes in their are by making it illegal for an Indian to bring suit against a white man. When President Jackson began to negotiate with the Indians, he

Quantitative Research on Marathon Times Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Quantitative Research on Marathon Times - Essay Example Even though marathon running has increased its popularity, there exist no data concerning the relationship between marathon times, age, athlete’s level of fitness (expert runner, beginner), fuel (carbohydrates), weather in the course of the marathon, and the miles ran during training per week. This paper sought to find out whether the performance of marathon is linked to age, athlete’s level of fitness (expert runner, beginner), fuel (carbohydrates), weather in the course of the marathon, and the miles ran during training per week. The study involved 15 marathon runners. The participants were given packets of materials which were inclusive of a questionnaire. After filling the questionnaire, they were brought back for analysis. The study established that there existed some relationship among the variables. Introduction For decades, taking part in marathon running by people of different ages and potentials has been increasing at a repaid rate. A research conducted in this field notes out that the approximate marathon number in U S increased to one hundred and forty in 1975 from forty-four in 1969. In this period, there was an increment in the participants by about 500%. Even though marathon is always popular and requires enough preparation, training practice and knowledge, its effectiveness may tend to remain incomplete. More often than not, many runners come up with their programs of training through taking after marathoners who may look successful. For many years, the philosophy of humans has been adjusted to cover distances that are long in each day so as to obtain food for sustaining the metabolism of the brain (Macarthur & North, 2005). In this regard, the high marathon popularity in humans that are modern of all abilities and ages can be seen as a legacy of the human species’ evolutionary capacity to race for distances that are long and using metabolism that is aerobic (Macarthur & North, 2005). Over the last decade, the starters in marathon have increased from 8,000 to 40,000. This implies that taking part in road racing has been increasing by over 50% in the last decade. This popularity is characterized by the existence of recreational marathon racers who finish the 42,195 km in about two hours. However, marathon has a negative effect to the cardiac status and the existences of cardiac deaths that are sudden during marathon have evoked increased debate (Macarthur & North, 2005). Additionally, endurance and energy c ost are the two benchmarks for obtaining exceptional performance in running. This is so because marathon runners show out an increased fractional use of oxygen. Considering the coming up of recreational marathon amid the middle-aged class, the debate concerning physiological strain also comes up. A couple of surveys done in marathoners have failed to give out information which could be generalized for the runner’s broad spectrum. This study explores the relationship between one dependent variable and several independent variables. In this regard, the dependent variable is marathon times, whereas the independent variables are age, athlete’s level of fitness (expert runner, beginner), fuel (carbohydrates), weather in the course of the marathon, and the miles ran during training per week. The paper seeks to develop a multiple regression model in which the variable that is dependent is explained by all the given independent variable. Method Participants The opportunity sam ple for this study was made up of fifteen participants. The participants were obtained from marathon runners. The participants were selected by using the fact that they had to be individuals whose age was below forty years and that they were recreational runners. The participants were also free of pulmonary and cardiac diseases. The participants of this research were volunteers. Three groups consisting of five participants were made. The three groups were given names according to the age range. The first group, which was the 10 to 20 years group,

Rhetoricalanalysis of the new jim crow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetoricalanalysis of the new jim crow - Essay Example The author has used rhetorical tools to emphasize how overt racial prejudices have become criminal offences but they are still covertly practiced within the system. It ultimately makes it difficult for people with color to become part of mainstream society and forces them to live like a second class citizen in their own country. The article becomes hugely pertinent because it underpins the issues that permanently stereotyped people of color into criminals that socially and legally discourages them to live with dignity. The text is also important because despite constitutional rights, the people of color are still vulnerable to the Jim Crow rules that deny them legitimate rights of a citizen. Stereotyping colored people has resulted in mass incarceration that helps to impose social control on them. The author has therefore, used rhetorical tools like ethos, pathos and logos to not only inform public about the subtle Jim Crow rules within the judicial system but also about the repercussion on the society that adds to the woes of the vulnerable. Throughout the article, author has been consistently using rhetorical approach to communicate important message or information to the target group or the public. The ethos applied in the article gives credibility to the author and convinces the reader about the authenticity of the text. It informs that the author holds a job of high repute. She is ‘director of the Racial Justice Project for the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California’. Using the ethical paradigm of introducing herself as an esteemed public figure, the author has established her credibility. She also succinctly apprises the audience about her experience in working on ‘issues of racial profiling, police brutality, and drug-law enforcement in poor communities of color’ This is important information as it gives inkling about her experience and assures the readers that whatever she is talking

Minority Supplier Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minority Supplier Development - Essay Example The business being registered should be within the territory of United States. In addition to that the daily operations and management of the business should be conducted by the members of the minority group. A firm that feels it is entitled to be accredited as a Minority Supplier it can apply for certification using online platform. National Minority Suppliers Development Council will engage the help of specialists to determine the authenticity of the information granted to them. In case of application rejection, one can appeal to the board to review their decision. Minority Suppliers details are stored in the affiliate Regional Minority Suppliers Development Council database. Whenever a buyer or other business wants to transact with minority group, they can access their locality from the Regional affiliated offices. Minority businesses in the United States have increased in the last TEN years. It has been argued that since President Obama assumed the office minorities felt that one of them had clinched the power. The number of registered Minority Businesses is two million, an increase of 70 percent comparing to those registered as at year 2005, generating USD 205 billion annually. However, despite the increased number of registered number of minority businesses, challenges still face them. The main one being the competition from well-established companies that are financial and market stable. Minority businesses depend on loan to run their businesses, and this restrains their capability and competitiveness ("The Challenges and Opportunities in Diversity for Small Business.", n.p). Enhancement of business operations for the minority is one thing and level ground in doing business is another aspect. Still fair grounds for doing business for the minorities has not yet been achieved, but NMSDC is w orking towards that. The benefits NMSDC have generated to the minority members is beyond any measurable instrument.

Content Analysis of Education Module

Content Analysis of Education Module CONTENT ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH MODULE BAHASA INGGRIS Dwi Aryani Abstract This research is aimed to evaluate the quality of the English module used by students of SMA N 6 Yogyakarta. There were many problems such as mistype, inappropriate content or material, and so on which were found inside the book. Then, the module used by the students should be evaluated on the content to know whether the book met the criteria of good module or not. The research was about case study using content analysis as the method. It used textbook evaluation criteria from Cunningsworth which contained ten aspects of evaluation and compared with the criteria of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters. The evaluation concerned on the content such as language content and skill, the organization and appearance of the book. The result from Cunningsworth checklist showed that the book got 74. 25% which considered as good book. While the result from Hutchinson and Waters showed 78. 57%. The aspect which got low percentage was vocabulary and reading material, while the rest were considere d as good. From evaluation using two concepts from Cunningsworth which compared with the evaluation criteria by Hutchinson and Waters showed a little bit difference. The result showed differences in range 4. 32%. Keywords: module, content analysis, evaluation, and evaluation checklist INTRODUCTION Teaching resources are all materials that are used to facilitate in teaching and learning process. They can be divided into three forms which each has different functions and advantages. The first form of material is printed materials such as books, module or workbooks, worksheets, help the beginner teachers to cover and design each lesson carefully in detail. They also give all the plans and lessons that teachers need to present the topic in some details. Moreover, printed material can be used in any location or bring everywhere. Nonprinted materials like audio and video materials have their own advantages such as; inexpensive materials, since nonprinted materials have already prepared by the teachers and students should not buy it. There are materials that comprise both print and nonprint such as materials from internet which is also have some advantages. Internet provides many materials in a form of audio, text, picture, graphic and video. Students only need to access on the inter net pages suggested by the teachers and follow the instruction. It was quite easy for school which provides internet access (Richards-2002). Material has important roles in language teaching such as presentation resources, practice and communication interaction, language competence references, classroom activities sources, syllabus, and help less experience teachers (Cunningsworth-2005). Those are the role of materials in language teaching for both students and teachers. Module in several schools used as the primary sources in conducting teaching and learning activity. Module is categorized as commercial books which contain some potential negative effect as cover inauthentic language, distort content, not reflect students needs, deskill teachers, and expensive (Richards-2002). Related to the negative potential effect, it means that the materials covered by module are needed to be evaluated. In order to judge the quality of the book, the book should cover some criteria of good teaching resources. The criteria of good teaching resources on this context are criteria for printed materials. Teaching resources take a part in the teaching and learning process. The criteria are; 1) arouse the learners interest, 2) remind them earlier learning, 3) tell them what they will be learning next, 4) explain new learning content to them, 5) relate these ideas to learners previous learning, 6) get learners to think about new content, 7) help them get feedback on their learning, 8) encourage them to practice, 9) make sure they know what they are supposed to doing, 10) enable them to check their progress, and 11) help them to do better. Evaluation is measuring of strengths and weakness (Davies-2002). It can be conclude that the materials which are covered by module can be evaluated to know the strength and weakness. The evaluation can be done in three ways; pre-use evaluation, in-use evaluation, and post-use evaluation (Cunningsworth-2005). The process of evaluation depends on the one who desires to evaluate the materials. Moreover, in order to know the strength and weakness of materials (book or module), it can be done through the evaluation checklist from the expert on the field (the expert on this context is expert in teaching). There are many experts who provide the checklist to help in evaluating book. METHOD This research aimed to evaluate the content of module for senior high school. The type evaluation on this research is post-use evaluation since the evaluation conduct after the book was used by the students. The research was focused on the content of the book in order to meet the criteria of good teaching resources by measuring the strength and weakness. Therefore, it is classified as case study research category. Case study is a research method which is done towards a system; it can be program, activity, and event. Case study is aimed to get a data, take a conclusion, and get an understanding from the data itself (Sukmadinata-2012). A case study may be understood as the intensive study of a single case where the purpose of that study is to shed light on a larger class of classes or a population (Gerring-2006). Moreover, it was not aimed to get the conclusion from the population. The conclusion from case study is simply from the case that the researcher taken to heart. There are some technique in collecting the data on case study research such as interview, observation, and documentary study. Those are the technique to collect the data and to get the conclusion. The data source was the materials covered by Bahasa Inggris, a module used by students in SMA N 6 Yogyakarta grade XII on the first semester. The book was written and published by CV Viva Pakarindo which was consisted of eighty pages and divided into five chapters. The book was applying Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan or abbreviated as KTSP as the curriculum. Instruments were needed to collect the data. This research used content analysis as an instrument to collect the data from students module. There were two instruments to support in conducting the research. First instrument used in this research was documentary study. Sukmadinata (2012) explained that documentary study is data collecting technique which is accumulate and analyze the document, whether documentary, picture, or electronic. The document which is accumulated is already chosen with purpose and focus on the problem. Moreover, the other instrument on this research was content analysis where the study is focus on deeply into the content of written information or mass media. Moreover, content analysis is defined as a research method for the subjective interpretation of the content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding and identifying themes or patterns. Wilkinson (2003) mentioned content analysis has been successfully used to analyze text and solve issues of disputed authorship of academic paper. and examples of texts suitable for content analysis includes essays, journal articles, books and chapter in books From the explanation which stated in the Wilkinson give a clear statement that module or workbook which categorized as book can be analyzed. In this case, module included as one of academic paper such as mentioned before. Then, content analysis focused on the characteristics of language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of the te xt. Since the subject on this research was the module, so the researcher prepared some checklists to evaluate the book. The researcher provides two evaluation checklists to evaluate the book. The first evaluation checklist is taken from Cunningsworth which covers ten descriptions such as; design and organization, language content, vocabulary, grammar, language skill, listening, speaking, reading, writing, and practical consideration. The other evaluation checklist is taken from Hutchinson and Waters which cover main aspect such as audience, aims, contents, methodology, and others. Every aspect on evaluation checklist covers some questions or statements to be answered in evaluation process. There were some procedures for conducting this research. The procedures will be explained as follow; a) Preparation, on this step the researcher took a part to choose the book which was needed to be evaluated. Choosing the book which was needed to be evaluated from the external and internal factor; b) Analysis, took a part on analyzing the book using criteria designed by the researcher based on the criteria or concepts from the expert. It means that the evaluation criteria were not pure from the researcher, but adapting from one concept to evaluate the book; c) Report, this step was the last step on this procedure. After the researcher pass the preparation and analysis step, means that the researcher should make the report of the result after conducting the evaluation. After conducting the evaluation towards the book, however, scoring is needed to get the result of the evaluation. Book evaluation using Cunningsworths checklist given score one until five. The indicator is modified using Likert Scale which indicates negative until positive (Sugiyono-2012). Moreover, evaluation checklist suggested by Hutchinson and Waters has the own rate or score by using zero, one, and two. These score and indicators are originally designed by Hutchinson and Waters. The result of the evaluation is calculated using mean deviation. Therefore, the result of calculation will be described in a form of paragraph by using descriptive qualitative. Figure 1. A pattern to calculate the score of each evaluation. Note : Æ ©X = the total of criteria which is met the criteria N  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   = the total criteria points in each aspect Table 1. The level of Suitability 80% 100% Very Good 60% 79% Good 50% 59% Fair Under 50% Poor FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The evaluation taken from two sources; Cunningsworth checklist which is used as the evaluation focus, while the result of evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters is used to compare on this findings. Based on the evaluation, Hutchinson and Waters provides twenty one questions and divided into five main aspects including with the additional information. The overall evaluation from Hutchinson and Waters got result 78, 57% in percentage. It will be compare with the result of evaluation from Cunningsworth evaluation checklist. The findings of this research presented ten specific aspects where each of them are analyzed based on Cunningsworths evaluation checklist. Design and Organization This aspect covers five criteria of evaluation with the total score 20 out of 25. The percentage is 80% and it is categorized as very good. The result of design and organization evaluation is presented on the table as follow. Table 2. Design and Organization Checklist No Design and Organization Criteria Score 1 The content is organized 5 2 The content is sequenced 5 3 Provide adequate recycling and revision 0 4 Provide reference sections for grammar and vocabulary 5 5 The materials suitable for individual study 5 Total 20 Percentage 80% The first criteria is about the content which is organized. It means the contents of the workbook such as topic, structure, skills, and function are organized. All units provide complete topic, all four skills in every unit, language functions and language features. The evaluation shows that the first criteria got perfect score. Such as the organization, the second criteria is about the sequential of the content. It discusses whether the workbook has difficult level for the students and also the function of the workbook for individual study. From all units, the materials can be used for the students to study by themselves. The book cannot fulfill the third criteria by presenting recycle and revision section. The fourth criteria can be fulfilled by providing reference sections for grammar and vocabulary. The materials also suitable for individual study. It can be seen from the contents of the workbook which provide material on the first page in every chapter and continued by the exerc ise. There are many exercises on the workbook such as exercises for all skills, language contents (grammar and vocabulary), and also exercise that cover all materials. It is presented in the last part in every chapter. The exercise also in different types such as multiple choice and essay. From all those exercises, the workbook is easy for the students even for individual study. Language Content Language content is the second aspect of evaluation with the achievement 60% from the total score 9 out of 15. The table below presenting the result of language content evaluation. Table 3. Language Content Checklist No Language Content Criteria Score 1 The book include materials for pronunciation work 0 2 The book deal with the structuring and conventions of language use 5 3 Language style is matched to social situation 4 Total 9 Percentage 60% From the table 3 we can conclude that the first criteria cannot fulfill by the book by providing materials for pronunciation.   The second criteria got perfect score related to the structuring and conventions of the language use. It deals with how to take a part in conversation, how to structure a piece of extended writing, and how to identify the main point in reading passage. Language style is the choice of words used by a specific group of people when they speak. For example there are bureaucratese, the words, jargons, and abbreviation. It should be matched with the social situation of the students. There is one part of the book the researcher found that inappropriate language style with the social situation of the students. It was because the students accusing her friend took her money which actually she does not. Grammar The achievement on grammar aspect is on 88% with the total score 22 out of 25. The suitability of grammar materials categorized into very good (see Table 1). The result of the evaluation on grammar aspect is presented on the table below. Table 4. Grammar checklist No Grammar Criteria Score 1 The book covers grammar items for the level 5 2 Grammar presented in small pieces units 2 3 Grammar emphasis on language form 5 4 Grammar emphasis on language use (meaning) 5 5 Language use and form are in balance presentation 5 Total 22 Percentage 88% The book has already provided grammar items based on the level of students. Then, more than half of the book presented the materials for grammar in wide space where it should be presented on the small units to make the students easier to learn the material. Moreover, grammar materials similarly emphasis on language form and use. Both of language form and use should be presented on balance presentation as the criteria mention. Vocabulary Table below is the result of evaluation of vocabulary section where covers five criteria of evaluation. The aspect got low percentage with 44% where there was one criteria cannot fulfill by the book even the worst is contain two score zero. Table 5. Vocabulary checklist No Vocabulary Criteria Score 1 Materials for vocabulary teaching adequate in terms of quantity and range of vocabulary 0 2 Vocabulary materials are strategies for individual learning 0 3 The materials emphasis placed on vocabulary development 5 4 Vocabulary presented in a structured and purposeful way 5 5 Provide distinction between active and passive vocabulary 1 Total 11 Percentage 44% Based on the evaluation, the book minimally covers 1000 new vocabulary for every stage or every grade. The quantity of the vocabulary in every chapter is not enough if we took a look on the material. The availability of vocabulary on the book was too far with the range of the evaluation. The total vocabulary material presented in the book consists of sixty one; chapter one twelve, chapter two is twenty, chapter three with ten, chapter four provides fourteen, and chapter five presents five new vocabulary. Related with the quantity of vocabulary materials, it could not be used for learning individually. However, the vocabulary materials which are presented on the book help the students in semantic relation such as presenting the meaning and synonyms. Moreover, vocabulary which is presented in every chapter also categorized in situational situation. Language Skill Language skill gets 95% on the result of evaluation where it is considered as very good. Most of criteria are fulfilled by the book with achievement 5 in average. Table 6. Language Skill Checklist No Language Skill Criteria Score 1 All four skills were covered 5 2 All four skills are presented balance 4 3 The materials are integrated skills work 5 4 Reading passages and associated activities are suitable with the students levels 4 5 Provide sufficient reading material 5 6 Materials for spoken English are well designed 5 7 Writing activities are suitable in terms of amount of guidance/control 5 8 Writing material is using appropriate style 5 Total 38 Percentage 95% Language skill has already covered all four skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing inside the materials in every chapter. Those four skills are presented in the same portion. The book similarly provides materials and exercises for each skill and integration. Most of materials are presented by reading passage where they are supposed to suitable with the level of students. For this reason, the book should provide reading passage in sufficient way in order to present the materials. Moreover, the book also has to provide materials for spoken English where it should be well design. Related with the materials and exercises for each skill, writing section should provide guidance or control in writing activities. The style used for writing skill also should be presented in appropriate style. From all criteria, the book gets high score in these eight criteria of evaluation. Listening Listening aspect covers four criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The evaluation shows that the book got 75% from the total score 15 out of 20. Table 7. Listening Checklist No Listening Criteria Score 1 Listening form part of dialogue or conversation work 5 2 Provide specific listening passages 5 3 Listening material set in a meaningful context 5 4 Provide pre-listening task 0 Total 15 Percentage 75% The evaluation shows that the book has already provide listening section in a form of dialogue or conversational work in every chapter. There are some listening passages which are provided by the book in order to organize the section. Moreover, all materials and exercises are presented in meaningful context. However, the book does not provide pre-listening tasks before they focus on the listening section. Speaking Speaking got perfect achievement with the percentage 100%. It indicates that the book provide all contents that the criteria mention. [P3] Table 8. Speaking Checklist [P4] No Speaking Criteria Score 1 Provide spoken English materials 5 2 The material contains oral presentation and practice of language items 5 3 The material contains dialogues 5 4 The material contains roleplay 5 Total 20 Percentage 100%   The materials for speaking are presenting inside the book where they contain oral presentation and practice for language items. In order to help the students in practicing their speaking skill, the book provides materials such as dialogue and role-play. Reading From the evaluation, reading got low percentage with the achievement is 32.5%. The total score of fulfillment is 13 where actually the total score is 40. The book provides reading text where it is used for introducing new language items such as grammar and vocabulary. Therefore, the materials are not focus on the development of reading skill and strategies for students. Reading materials, however, provide integrated materials with other skills and work. On the contrary, the book does not provide setting scene and background information on reading passage. Then, the book also does not provide pre-reading activities. Thus, reading materials similarly appears on the middle of units where it is commonly appears on the early unit. Table 9. Reading Checklist No Reading Criteria Score 1 Reading text used for introducing new language items (grammar and vocabulary) 3 2 The material focus on the development of reading skill and strategies 0 3 The material linked to other skills and work 5 4 Reading text appears on the early unit 0 5 The subject matter is appropriate 5 6 The text provide setting scene 0 7 The text provide background information 0 8 Give pre-reading question 0 Total 13 Percentage 32.5% Writing The evaluation shows that writing covers five criteria where there is one criteria cannot fulfill by the book. The score of evaluation is 19 out of 25 and it is presented on the percentage with the achievement 76%. Table 10. Writing Checklist[P5] No Writing Criteria Score 1 The material handle by guided writing 5 2 The material handle by controlled writing 5 3 Provide variety task 5 4 Provide language resources specific to the written form such as punctuation, spelling, and layout 4 5 Learners encourage to review and edit their written work 0 Total 19 Percentage 76% From the evaluation, writing materials are handled by guided writing and control writing which are presented in a form of simple instruction. Moreover, writing also provides various types of task such as writing memo, letter, and so on. Writing materials and tasks, however, do not encourage the learner to review and edit their own work since there is no space or section provided by the book. Practical Consideration The last evaluation is on practical consideration which covers five criteria. The result shows that the book got 92% from the total score 23 out of 25. The evaluation presents that the book represents good value for money. It means that the book neither too expensive nor too cheap. Even though the price is quite cheap, but the quality of the book is strong and long-lasting because the materials which is used to print the book. Related to the price of the book, it is easy to be obtained by the students; the school has already stock the book. Therefore, the students may ask to the school or their teachers. On the contrary, the appearance of the book does not attractive as they should.   The cover of the book is colored by burgundy where it looks like dark and gloomy. The detailed achievement from practical consideration is presented in the following table. Table 11. Practical Consideration Checklist No Practical Consideration Criteria Score 1 The book represent good value for money 5 2 The book is strong and long-lasting

Tommys Day :: essays research papers

U.S., Kuwait ask why bombing went terribly wrong WASHINGTON-- A team of Kuwaiti and U.S. investigators sorted through evidence on Tuesday trying to learn how and why a U.S. Navy jet dropped a 500-pound bomb near observers at a training range, killing six of them. The F/A-18 Hornet was taking part in a twice-yearly training flight on Monday when the accident happened. The training flights have been a regularly scheduled part of the Persian Gulf area military experience for 10 years -- since a multinational force repelled an Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and pledged to keep the tiny oil-rich nation safe in the aftermath. But on Monday, something went wrong. A Navy pilot practicing "close air support" for ground troops suddenly dropped live ordnance near an observation area, according to the U.S. Central Command. The blast killed five Americans and a New Zealander, 27-year-old acting Maj. John McNutt. The names of the five Americans killed have not been released. Five other Americans and two Kuwaitis were injured. Two of the injured have already been released, and some of the injured Americans were evacuated to a U.S. airbase in Germany. Central Command appointed an investigation board to arrive later this week in Kuwait, where U.S. and Kuwaiti officials were already trying to learn whether the error that led to the accident came about in the air -- the pilot's mistake -- or somewhere on the ground, either from faulty direction for air traffic controllers or a tragic miscommunication that put the observers in the line of fire. "We will work hard to take care of the families involved, and to find out how such an accident could occur," U.S. Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld said in a statement. 'It shouldn't happen' Meanwhile, New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark pressed for answers into the death of her country's soldier. "We don't, in the normal course of events, expect to have people come home in body bags," she said. "It's a terrible tragedy and ... we are now looking for an urgent, detailed explanation as to how such a training exercise can go so terribly wrong," said New Zealand Defense Minister Mark Burton. "This was a live bomb basically dropped on observers. It shouldn't happen and we all need to know precisely what went wrong." Kuwaiti defense chief of staff Lt. Gen. Ali al-Muaman apologized for the incident, pledged a thorough investigation, and said that the accident would not stop further joint military exercises in the region. U.S. President George W. Bush, speaking in Florida, also offered condolences and led a moment of silence before a speech promoting his tax cut. Second Navy accident in a month