Eli Whitney Essay Research Paper By 1790 free essay sample

Eli Whitney Essay, Research Paper By 1790 subjugation was on the reduction in America. Aside from baccy, rice, and a specific strain of cotton that could be developed only in extremely not many topographic focuses, the South genuinely had no cash collect to send out. Tobacco was a land wastrel, devouring the earth inside extremely scarcely any mature ages. Land was modest to such an extent that baccy estate proprietors neer tried to repossess the earth by reap rotating movement # 8212 ; they only discovered new land further west. Different harvests # 8212 ; rice, anil, maize, and some wheat # 8212 ; made for no extraordinary riches. Slaves cost something, non only to buy yet to keep, and some Southern ranch proprietors believed that conditions had arrived at a point where a slave # 8217 ; s work not, at this point gave for his consideration. Eli Whitney went toward the South in 1793, conveniently bounty, during the clasp when Southern estate proprietors were in their most despondent yearss. In a little over a hebdoma d, he began the greatest torrential slide of creation that any monetary framework had ever experienced. The South would neer be the equivalent again. Eli Whitney was conceived on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. The tall, overwhelming bore male youngster filled in as a smithy. He had an about regular trepidation of components. On a machine made at place, he made nails, and at one clasp he was the solitary shaper of women # 8217 ; hatpins in the state. In his initial mid-twentiess, Whitney got resolved to go to Yale College. Since Yale was to a great extent a school for statute or eternality, his folks protested. How could Yale College help uplift his mechanical gifts? At long last, at 23 years old, Whitney turned into a student at Yale. By this clasp, he appeared to be about moderately aged to his classmates. After he graduated with his evaluation in 1792, he found that no occupations were accessible to a grown-up male with his gifts. He at last agreed to guidance, and acknowledged an occupation as a mentor in South Carolina, his pay was guaranteed to be one hundred guineas a twelvemonth. He cruised on a touch of drifting bundle with simply a couple of riders, among whom was the widow of the Revolutionary general, Nathanael Greene. The Greenes had settled in Savannah after the war. At the point when Whitney showed up in South Carolina, he found that the guaranteed wage was making a trip to be split. He non simply wouldn't have the spot, yet chose to quit any pretense of learning all together. Providing to his with some much needed help, Mrs. Greene welcomed him to her manor where he could understand statute, what's more help out the ranch executive, Phineas Miller. Mill operator, a couple of mature ages more established than Whitney, was a Yale alumna and the lady of the hour to-be of Mrs. Greene. Whitney acknowledged the offer. Over clasp Whitney got settled in, and one twenty-four hours while neighbors were sing the estate, their discussion tumbled to talking the terrible occasions. There was no cash gather at all ; the solitary arrangement of cotton that would turn in that part was the for all intents and purposes pointless green seed collection. Ten hours of manual work was expected to partition one purpose of build up from three lbs of the little extreme seeds. Until a machine could be worked to make the work, the green seed cotton was minimal superior to a weed. Getting their discussion, Mrs. Greene hopped in, # 8220 ; Gentlemen, apply to my youthful companion, Mr. Whitney. He can do anything. # 8221 ; Phineas Miller and Mrs. Green asked Whitney to break down the methodology in which the cotton was cleaned, and check whether he could make a machine to make this work quicker and all the more speedily. Whitney found that the strategy was extremely truly shortsighted ; one manus held the seed while the different manus sifted through the little strands of build up. Whitney attempted to do a machine that about reflected this methodology. To take the topographic purpose of a manus keeping the seed, he made a sort of screen of wires extended lengthways. It took more time to do the wire than it did to string it ; the best possible kind of wire was nonexistent. To make crafted by the fingers which pulled out the build up, Whitney had a membranophone turn past the screen about contacting it. On the outside of the membranophone there were close to nothing, snare formed wires anticipating out that got the build up from the seed. The wires on the sifter kept the seeds down while the build up was pulled off. A coppice, which turned multiple times each piece quick as the membranophone, cleared off the build up from the maulers. That was all at that spot was to Whitney # 8217 ; s cotton gin. It neer turned out to be more muddled than that. An introduction of his first hypothetical record was given to a couple of companions. In one hr, he created what might normally be an entire twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s work for a few specialists. Without any than the guarantee that Whitney would patent the machine and do a couple of additional, the work powers who had seen the introduction in a split second arranged entire Fieldss to be planted with green seed cotton. Word got around the region so rapidly that Whitney # 8217 ; s workshop was broken loosened and his machine inspected. Inside a couple of hebdomads, more cotton was planted than Whitney could conceivable hold ginned in a twelvemonth of doing new machines. Before Whitney had a chance to complete his licensed hypothetical record, the rashly profound attached cotton came to developing. With a harvest pressure on them, manor proprietors had no clasp to hang tight for the lawful mulct focuses to be sifted through. The cotton gin was pilfered in a heart-beat. Whitney went into association with Miller. Whitney was to make a trip north to New Haven, secure his patent, and get down creating machines, while Miller was to remain in the South and see that the machines were set. The life partners # 8217 ; first program was that no machine was to be sold, however introduced for a for each centum of the overall gain earned. Since they had no idea that cotton seting would take topographic point in such mass extents, they did non cognize that they were asking for an understanding that would pick up them 1000000s of dollars a twelvemonth. Mill operator # 8217 ; s thought was to take one lb of each three of cotton, however the manor proprietors didn’t need to follow. By the clasp Whitney and Miller were eager to agree to straight-out deal or even a little eminence on each machine made by individual else, the aggregate of cash because of them was ugly. He and Miller were presently significantly owing debtors and their solitary harvest time back was to go to council ; unfortunately, every court they could make a trip to was in cotton state. At long last in 1801, eight mature ages after the cotton immersion began, Miller and Whitney were happy to agree to awards from cotton-developing areas and consequently, the cotton gin would be open assets inside each single region limit. The two work powers were asking $ 100,000 from every territory, except only one area made a counter proposal of a large portion of the asking money related worth. Hopelessly, Whitney acknowledged the fiscal estimation of $ 50,000 for which he just got an up front installment of $ 20,000 and no more. The undermentioned twelvemonth, North Carolina tracked, however on the other hand of the awards, it required an income improvement on each gin in the area. This sum, less 6 percent for conglomeration, went to Whitney and Miller ; this additional another $ 20,000 to the pot. Tennessee paid about $ 10,000, and at that spot was another $ 10,000 from different areas. The gross pay was $ 90,000, yet the vast majority of this was owed for legitimate expenses and different disbursals. In 1803, the regions reviewed their understandings and sued Whitney for all the cash paid to him and his life partner. That twelvemonth altogether the cotton reap earned near ten million dollars for the ranch proprietors. The money related estimation of slaves had multiplied, and work powers where not, at this point worried about the prosperity of others. At one closing exertion of recovery, Whitney applied to the government Congress for easing in 1804 and, by one polling form, was spared from whole ruin. This 39 twelvemonth old grown-up male had a useless patent, he was poverty stricken, and the greater part of the previous 10 mature ages had been squandered in courts. With no what other place to travel, he abandoned cotton, the cotton gin, and the South until the end of time. Whitney came back to New Haven, with expectations of get bringing down new. He wasn # 8217 ; t sure from the start which way he should travel, however he was going to come in the non as celebrated, yet most gainful clasp of his life. Whitney changed the South in manners that no other grown-up male ever did. He was presently venturing out to adjust the North into a framework that is still in outcome today. Whitney was making a trip to get down and devise the framework that was to go known as the # 8220 ; American System of Manufacture. # 8221 ; This is the chronicled hugeness of Eli Whitney. At this clasp, there was simply a touch of sprinkling of talented mechanics. Whitney was extremely discerning of this, and continued to create something that would end up being undeniably more utile than some machine. He would think up an arrangement of manufacture that would let anybody to deliver top notch products, no undertaking what ability degree. This framework was premier created with the manufacture of rifles. Whitney, without an individual factory, or even a machine, convinced the U.S. specialists to provide him a request for 10 thousand black powder rifles at $ 13.40 every, all to be conveyed inside two mature ages. Only a grown-up male with the situation of pioneer of the cotton gin could # 8217 ; ve convinced the specialists to do such an enormous committedness. Originating from any other person with the exception of Eli Whitney, the proposition would # 8217 ; ve sounded crazy. Up until this clasp, each rifle was high quality from stock to barrel. The pieces of one firearm were non tradable with some other weapon, and weren # 8217 ; t expected to be. Whitney # 8217 ; s program was to do all the pieces of his rifles about undefined with the goal that they could be tradable from

Developmental Relations Among Mind, Brain and Education Essay - 5

Formative Relations Among Mind, Brain and Education - Essay Example This examination advises that as indicated by Debbie Zambo, the 1990s saw the prospering of neuroscience because of the mechanical advances. The proceeded with advancement of innovation saw neuroscientists find out more and find things they had not found before. They took in a ton about the cerebrum and its capacities. This is ascribed to the assignments they have performed after some time. Mechanical advancements have certainly helped us a ton from various perspectives in our every day lives. Be that as it may, they additionally have their difficulties. The mechanical developments in neuroscience have their own difficulties that are increasingly apparent in instruction. There is an endeavor by neuroscientists and other included partners to interpret a once specific field that was loaded up with details. There are discoveries that can be converted into information that is intelligible to instructors in their educating, particularly educators of little youngsters. The connection betwe en these two fields has prompted what is known as instructive neuroscience. It is the crossing point between training, the psyche, and the cerebrum. It has gotten progressively normal in the materials read by educators, the educational program used to train them and the items they purchase. One of the connections drawn among neuroscience and training is that data on neuroscience has the ability to assist educators with figuring out how youngsters learn, think and direct themselves. In any case, a similar data likewise has the ability to change the supporting and educating of kids. The other connection between the two is that it empowers the educator to find out about the diverse cerebrum structures and their capacities. This, thus, helps the educator in seeing how extraordinary and exceptional the minds of kids are, and how this means the moves they make. The instruction practice engages the cerebrum and the connection between the two has different difficulties.

What extent does neo-realism provide a satisfactory account of world Essay

What degree does neo-authenticity give an agreeable record of world governmental issues - Essay Example Research shows that authenticity hypothesis had the conviction that the political request and the way where nations act concerning universal ground are anticipated by the idea of individuals (Dickinson 2006, p.63). Its preeminent notion starts from a human perspective; for example, desire and yearnings are the principle main impetuses of universal or world governmental issues (Craig 2009, p. 45). Despite what might be expected, neorealism proclaimed that the current worldwide framework is a progressive setting with no prevailing force coordinating and changing connections among nations. It's anything but a social nature but instead an all inclusive nature of the whole world that clarifies world legislative issues. To a little degree, neo-authenticity gives good record to world governmental issues. Each country is in an inquiry of individual advantage and its exercises on an overall ground depend on its own government aides. Subsequently, so as to achieve its individual advantages cou ntries can set up alliances, albeit even inside such alliances each country is just keen on accomplishing its own objectives. Upset of the worldwide framework is an order in itself. Appropriately, every country keeps on being in rivalry with different countries in light of worry with its security and advancement (Craig 2009, p.50). Matchless quality is predominant in understanding the undertakings among countries. In this way, look for power makes nations to build up their asset, support up economies, just as create expertise and society too. As indicated by neorealism hypothesis, the harder the country, the less vulnerable it is on the worldwide ground. Military and monetary enormity are the fundamental measures for wellbeing and development, and in this manner achievement of these measures is performed through all ways that could be available. As indicated by examines, struggle in neorealism is unavoidable. In any case, in an atomic period, clashes among the atomic countries are n ot liable to happen absolutely, on the grounds that such countries with atomic weapons comprehend the impacts of such clash. Accordingly, they utilize atomic assets as a method of demoralization and parity of matchless quality. Truth be told, neo-authenticity is an arrangement of equalization, and the turmoil of worldwide setting, just as a request rather than mayhem (Van 2009, p. 80). This is on the grounds that consistent quality of matchless quality is the best way to reservation agreement. Consequently, with such measures set up, neo-authenticity gives an acceptable to the world governmental issues. Neo-authenticity gives acceptable record to world governmental issues since it offers an efficient clarification concerning the worldwide political structure. It is a preliminary to clarify worldwide relations in specialized terms through the notice of imbalanced limits of countries. It likewise clarifies the progressive structure of the country framework, just as the accentuation on incredible matchless qualities whose undertakings control the most crucial consequences of world legislative issues (Krasner 2005, p.78). Neo-authenticity gives good record to world governmental issues since it advances harmony and security among countries. Analysts see the best worldwide connection hypothesis as one that underlines chiefly on the structure of the framework since structures direct the activities the nation. International strategy is driven by the structure, and the country authorities are in this manner detainees of the progressive framework' structure and its determinist’s thinking orders what they should do in the conduct of abroad guideline (Jacques 2007, p. 106). In this manner, neo-authenticity offers a ground-breaking clarification of the structure of the arrangement of a country very different from different speculations since it accepts the structure as the key instrument of investigation. From considers, it clear that global rel

Individual Management Portfolio & Reflective Statement - 5500 Words

Individual Management Portfolio & Reflective Statement (Essay Sample) Content: Creative Project Management PortfolioBy (Name)CourseProfessorInstitutions NameThe Date SubmittedIntroduction and BackgroundAbout this Individual Management PortfolioThe ambition to attain better skills and grow my professional life in all aspects of the creative industry has always been the parameter on all my academic, management and professional decisions. On being selected late November, 2016 as the manager to launch a new eco clothing line in H M, a company that operates on the global scale, I did believe the forthcoming months that involved launching, and managing the creative project would not only bring me tougher practices with the creative industry focus and real-world research but also form me as an overall project manager of a new project and a team leader. I also anticipate that the chance would sharpen me in my future career in the fields pertaining, real business environment in creative industry that plays a major role in the UK economy that provides t he world with different clothing lines for the women, men and children. On the other hand, this Companys move to select me as the project manager was my fine moment draw a lot of skills in relation to seven commitments of H M alongside the Companys reputation in sustainability and methods of production, which shape consumers in a much more proactive method and create more fashionable eco clothing lines CITATION KAl01 \l 1033 (Allan Shaw, 2001). Hence, I also anticipated to have a challenging but then again exciting time from the project management duration. Nevertheless, things do not frequently happen as we imagine them to be in the real business environment where solutions must be created for the ever-emerging problems, especially in the stage of launching and managing a business project. I did find it hard to deal with some of the challenges that emerged at some time during the time I was managing the project. Managing every stage of the business project seemed to be far from the aspects I expected,consequentlyI once thought of giving up with this business project, earlier December. Providentially, I managed to develop some of the essential skills that helped me run the project efficiently.H M is a Swedish clothing-retail company, dealing in itsfast-fashionclothing for women, men, teenagers as well as children, operating on a global scale. HM together with its associated brands carry out their business operations in sixty-two countries with over four thousand retail stores furthermore, as of 2015, hire about one hundred and thirty-two thousand individuals. It is considered as second largest worldwide clothing retailer, behindInditex, a company that is based in Spain CITATION Bri98 \l 1033 (British Council, 1998). The firm has a noticeable online existence, with such online services as shopping readily available in thirty-two countries, COS in nineteen states, Weekday and Monki in eighteen countries each, moreover, other retail stories in thirteen nation s, as well as Cheap Monday in five countries CITATION Cal93 \l 1033 (Calhoun, et al., 1993).The Companys visions which states, Our vision is that all our operations are run in a way that is economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, influences most of its operation in the creative industry CITATION Thr01 \l 1033 (Throsby, 2001). On the other hand, the CEO Karl- Johan Person iterates that, We at H M have set ourselves a challenge of ultimately making fashion sustainable and sustainability fashionable CITATION Cav00 \l 1033 (Caves , 2000). It is obvious that the company continues to push the bar as far as its seven commitments are concerned (H M sustainability report 2015).However, to carry on with its initiative and increase its development in the aspects of sustainability, I was selected in early November, 2016 to manage the launch of a brand-new line of clothing that would be released to the market in early spring 2017.Hence in this portfolio, I will discuss abou t this project management that I undertook in a set of three parts: The first section, description of the new eco clothing line project, will be about my experiences during the launching of the project, while the second section will involve post-project reflective statement will indicate how these experiences turned to lessons and realizations attained. Then, the last will point out the strategies of my future career in creative industry.Description of the ProjectDefining the Creative Fashion ProjectThe main aim of this project was to produce brand-new clothing line that is fashionable, sustainable and eco-friendly. The new eco clothing line suggested by H M Company would be the first one regarding all the requirements and outcomes CITATION How01 \l 1033 (Howkins, 2001). Even though, the Company has maintained its commitment to manufacturing clothing lines that are eco- friendly since 1990s, this project was expected to be better than the ones produced in the past decades. There was no existing supporting infrastructure for the new eco clothing line in the Company. During the launching phase of the creative project, as a project manager, I focused on defining and identifying a creative leadership team with skills, knowledge and experience to manage such a huge complex creative project in H M Company. The project team succeed in setting up two offices. One office was meant for the coordination of all the activities of the project while the other one had a larger floor for working area where all the materials, equipment and labour forces would assemble.Designing the Project ProcessProposalH M Company proposed a new eco clothing line project that I was to manage from the launching phase until it closing phase. While the new eco clothing line was supposed to enhance the market for H M products, the commitments of the company were the driving pillars of the project. Also, the needs of consumers (men, women, and children) and their satisfaction levels for the new clothing line project initiative were to be attained. The project was meant to be particularly crucial in the Companys decision to satisfy the consumers fashion needs while maintaining sustainability. We would also be able to determine the potential success of the product by seeking opinions from consumers, shareholders, stakeholders and my creative team. After steering focus groups and surveys, my creative team would present an informed analysis of the project team preference and make recommendations based on the results. The clothing line would then pass through different stages of modifications to ensure that it is perfect. Thereafter, the closing phase where the product would be handed over to the manager of H M Company.Framework for the Creative Project ManagementProject IntegrationAs the project manager, I ensured that my project team had one shared goal: to do the work of the project for the reason of attaining the projects aims and objectives. During first phase, which underpins the initiation phase, the project objectives were identified quite well; the objectives involved a business opportunity of capturing the need of new eco clothing line for consumers of H M products. A suitable response to the need of the design in line with the fashion was documented in a business case with suggested solution options from my creative team. Consequently, I managed the activities of a feasibility study which were conducted to evaluate whether every option mainly addresses the fundamental project objective and a final recommended solution is determined.Once the recommended design solutions were approved, the project was initiated to fulfil the approved recommended solutions in line with the eco clothing line. After I had assessed all the initial phase, the project would then be moved onto the planning phase.The planning phase, was where the project solution was further advanced in as much aspect as possible and the activities necessary to attain the projects aims and objective were planned. In this phase, my team identified all the work to be done. The projects activities and resource necessities were identified, together with the approach for producing them. The project plan was developed to outline the activities, tasks, dependencies, as well as the timeframes. As the project manager, I coordinated the preparation of a project budget by offering cost estimates for the labour, materials and equipment costs. I used the budget to monitor and regulate cost expenditures throughout project implementation phase.Staffing the creative project with the appropriate skills, at the right time and place was my responsibility as the core project manager. Once my project team had identified the work, organised the schedule, and projected the costs, the three important components of the planning procedure were complete. Therefore, it was an excellent time to find and attempt to deal with any challenge that might pose a risk to the successful accomplis hment of the project. At this stage of risk management in a project, high-threat potential difficulties are pointed out along with the step that is to be taken on every high-threat potential challenge, either to diminish the likelihood that the problem will arise or to decrease the impact on the creative project if it does arise. As a manager, I managed to identify all project stakeholders and develop a communication action plan showing the information required and the delivery process to be used to keep all the identified stakeholders informed.Schedule and Time ManagementThe project was scheduled to be launched by the early December. According to the agreement, the Company ex...

Best Practices in Protecting PII Data Essay example

Abstract I have decided to write a research paper on the importance of protecting personally identifiable information (PII) in Information Technology. PII is a critical, but often overlooked skill requirement for IT professionals. The subject of PII data is of vital importance to me since I work with PII data frequently and must be prepared to handle it correctly and ethically, less risk the violation of privacy law. In addition to satisfying the necessary requirements for a research paper, the intention of this paper are to provide: †¢ A thorough treatment regarding what PII data is and isn’t †¢ Define the best practices in handling PII data in the field †¢ Providing case studies and legal references that explore the issues of PII data†¦show more content†¦The reasons for this are varied. One of the major factors that prevent full federal protection is that states have broad ways of defining what is considered personally identifiable information. For instance, take a state like Connecticut: their state laws consider an â€Å"account number† as a personal identifier (Wright, 2009). Let’s say a church sponsored a bake sale and someone bought a cupcake from that church. If the church happened to log that sale with a unique number, say, S101, where ‘S† is the first initial of the buyer and the number is a one-up sales number, that church would then fall under the provisions of the Connecticut state law and may be required to protect that customer’s identity. Other states have varying definitions as to what PII is. The most robust PII protections in the country exist in the state of Californi a, making PII a protected right and allowing anyone that interacts with that data to appropriately protect and reasonably notify affected people of any potential security breaches (Wikipedia, n.d.). There exists many different definitions of PII and its applications and provisions are as vast as there are states in the union. 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Drug Abuse Is A Major Problem - 1122 Words

Drug abuse is a major problem in the United States and throughout the world as more and more people become addicted every day. â€Å" We live in a society where millions of Americans are dependent on drugs or alcohol and only a small percentage receive treatment at a facility. In fact, the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that 21.5 Americans age 12 and older had a substance use disorder in the previous year; however, sadly only 2.5 million received the specialized treatment they needed.† (Drug abuse.com) Addiction does not discriminate; it makes no distinction between a person’s age, sex, color, or financial situation. However, your treatment options do. Getting help for addiction can be tough. It is a serious problem that can†¦show more content†¦Everest does little to no good. Most people who are struggling with dependence won’t seek help until they hit rock bottom if even then. Mental Health issues usually go hand and hand with addiction, and research shows how important it is to move quickly when an addict reaches out for help. â€Å"According to the National Institutes of Health, the most effective treatment strategy for addiction is to combine medications, when available, with behavioral therapy (Szalavitz).†. However, finding help is not always easy. As mentioned before, some programs will only accept a particular type of insurance, and most have a two to a six-month wait list. Most facilities will only treat the addiction component, but not the mental health aspect of a person’s condition. Another issue is that most programs have limited funds and capacity, so have to release patients before they are ready to go. These barriers increase a person’s chance of failure and relapse. People start taking drugs for many different reasons. 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Introduction to Human Resource Management and Leadership

Question: Describe about the Introduction to Human Resource Management and Leadership? Answer: External factors affecting the labor profile of the University: During 2010 the Australian economy was going through a rough time when the identified problem was found that the growth of International students fell terribly. It is because the international students who took admission in higher education had contributed around AUS$9.6 to the economy of Australia. There were several factors that concluded to this situation. These factors are categorized under external and internal influence. These factors not only led to a decrease in International students opting to study in Australia but also affected the labor profile of many Universities. They are more considered in a macro-level basis, they are changes in the general skilled program on migration and visa norms for International student. The number of International students included a majority of Indian students and the total number of Indian students who enrolled for student Visa was 36326 which represented a decrease in 25 per cent (Hcindia-au.org, 2015). Apart from issues related to Visa, another significant issue was the rise in value of Australian Dollar which contributed in the decrease in Student applying to study in Australia. The Dollar value of Australia had an increase of 18.56% in Chinese currency, 4.9916% in UK Pounds and 4.26% increase in exchange rate with Indian Rupee (RAVIMOHAN, 2010). This increase in Dollar Price made Australia more expensive International visiting destination for travelers. This has made an effective impact because the rise in Dollar price made an expensive living for the International Students and moreover in order to pay the fee the amount they has to give has monetarily had also increased. The existing competition for getting International Students in other countries like Asian countries, USA and UK had also been a major external factor for affecting International students to study in Australia. From 2000 to 2011 the top leading destinations for International market share for academic and educational Institutions are United States, United Kingdom, Germany and France followed by Australia in the fifth position (International Students, 2013). Thus Australian Universities was having a tough competition between other International Institutions. At the beginning of 2010, there was an increase in crime and racial discrimination among the Australians and the non-Australian people which marked Australia as an unsafe place for living. The welfare and safety issues in Australia faced by many students from different countries had forced the Government for an Agenda of Public around May 2009. At that time thousands of students from the federation formed by the Indian students in Australia made a rally in Melbourne. An overabundance of community and Government response made design to ensure the international market about the safety of Students for studying in the Australian University (Mason, 2011). During that time only the Government of Australia introduced vital changes in a way that would help funding the Australian Universities. This was a part of funding system driven by demand along with use of other measures, and under its policy guidelines the university receives funds according to the availability of seats in the Universit ies for each disciplines based on industry and student demand. It was found that many students are opting for engineering, physical science, medicine, nursing and commerce degrees. These were the main external factors as discussed but apart from these factors there are also several factors that affected the international students to study in Australia and affecting the labor profile of many universities including the one which is mentioned. There had been environmental factors such as an easily accessible and a friendly area where the student would feel comfortable to reside during the course of his or her study. These were some of the external factors that affected Universities in Australia. It led the vice chancellor of an Eminent Australian University face a big challenge. The challenge was about the management and the workforce planning. The universities couldnt maintain the present level of staffing to the long-term starting from the medium (Banfield and Kay, 2008). It was seen that the combination of administrative and academic staff were not proper. The university required a good management policy for having too many staff and for better management. In this situation the function of Human resource department came with a solution that suggested a scheme of Voluntary redundancy to the addressed problems. Possible ways that could provide better information to university decision makers: When the discussed University was going through several issues relating to the staff and labor problems, the Human resource depart came with a plan for downsizing their workforce. Human resource planning is a moderately traditional discipline as with changing circumstances there has been several methods used by Human resources which are applicable for an organization. One of the significant roles of a Human resource department is to provide significant information to the decision makers. These information helps the decision makers to decide how effective can the necessary steps be in order to efficiently run the organization. In order to determine the success of the University there is a sheer requirement of engaging the pan for workforce. This planning is set after a goal is set (Sekhri, 2010). The goal for the university here is to have a better management and presenting a long-term staffing. With effective tools the HR would be able to identify the problems. The purpose of this human resource planning tool is to identify the required problems. What these tool performs is to provide information for specific fields so that they could be used in the decision making process of the management (Dinsmore Cabanis-Brewin, 2011). They are, Organizational Structures, Work structures, staffing management plan, project organization chart, networking, text oriented format, compensation, HRIS, communications and surveys. With the help of these tools the HR identifies the problem and plans out for a proper solution. The Organization charts provides the description of positions in a hierarchical format that helps to comprehend the individual work packages and ensuring that the members has a clear understanding about their roles and responsibilities (Steigenberger, 2013). It also helps to identify how many staffs fits for the role they are allocated. It also helps to provide the structure in a top to down arrangement. The Work structures are a breakdown of the structure of an organization which chiefly designs the existing teams, units and departments packages and project allocation. They help to inform about the areas of responsibility and their required levels. The plan for staffing management is a division of a project management plan which demonstrates how and when the human resource requirements will be fulfilled (Kirkby et al., 1998). It can be in informal as well as formal information. It can also be broad or detailed in respect to the project requirement. There is a need for continuous updating process in this tool. Hence it provides the updated information. The management of staffing plans generally includes required time frames for a project group activity for acquisition and its members. The chart of project organization also can be informal or formal and displays the reporting relationship and the project members in a graphical representation in relation to the requirement of the project. The text-oriented formats are basically the outlines which help the team members by providing responsibilities that needs detailed demonstration. With the help of these the HR can provide information about competencies of a worker, the authority that a person is holding, the roles and responsibilities and the qualifications. For an organization in order to redundant their employees it is very necessary to understand whom the organization is keeping and whom the organization is asking to leave. It is so because there are high possibilities of an efficient employee can leave the organization. It has happened with the Australian university also. Networking is a kind of interpersonal, constructive and informal tool for Human resource planning that, impacts on the effectiveness of diverse options of staffing management. Informal conversations, lunch and informal parties meetings and proactive correspondence are considered as a part of networking activities. The compensation policies of an organization helps to determine the efficiency of the employee an accordingly determine their productivity. Compensation also helps to have annual and ongoing activity recognition for volunteers (Chalofsky, 2014). The surveys like interview based and quantitative based helps to have access over various information. The quantitative methods of survey help to identify the labor turnover ratio and the surplus and gap of employment in the organization. Quantitative surveys gives a detailed report on which not only helps in decision making but also helps in identifying the need of the implementation of Human resource strategy. The interview based survey helps to find out why the employee is leaving or what problems and issues the employee is having in the course of his employment. This process was hugely informative and was helpful for the decision makers because they found out a way for providing a voluntary amount to which the person will be paid if he or she would take leave according to his own will. This actually led many people leave the organization. Some people left the organization because they want to take a year leave but still it was found that they got very insufficient leave application. So they called for retrenchment and termination. The only thing the management failed to see is that not only they can lose efficient employees but their efficient work will be handled by a person who is already into his task. This means that the existing employees had to work for double task in the same amount of pay. With the help of communication and HRIS the human resource can identify immediate details about employees and through communication they can convince the employees to leave or remain in the University (Tohidi, 2011). The Information system of Human resource also known as HRIS is an intersection of information technology and human resources through the help of an application. It is an electronic process of operation that helps digitally keep the data related to employees. A HRIS performs innumerous tasks that help to avail solutions. Some of these solutions include the solution for training, human resource, recruiting, compliance and payroll. Most of the quality HRIS process includes flexible designs which comprise databases that are incorporated with a variety of available features (Machado and Davim, 2014). HRIS helps organizations employees to exchange information easily. Presently the notion of downsizing of the existing employees in the Universities required information which the mentioned tools could provide under the supervision of the Human Resource. With the help of these it could provide better information compared to abrupt information they already followed. Advantages and disadvantages of downsizing the number of staffs at the university: The notion of downsizing was an effective tool according to the decision makers. The human resource department after consulting with the stakeholders they chalked out a plan for voluntary redundancy scheme. This scheme explained that the staff can nominate themselves for ending their course of employment with the university and in return they would receive some amount o compensation for their job loss. It was agreed by the higher authorities as the only best option that the university can choose. Along with advantages there were some significant problems like losing a good number of valuable staffs (Daft, Murphy and Willmott, 2014). Many efficient employees opted for better opportunity at other institutes which was easier for them to get. When this scheme did not act accordingly, the director of the university started targeted redundancy. This also made a negative impact on the employees. The impact was not only about the employees who are leaving but also about the employees who tho ught that they had to do more task as the distribution of task will be more for one person. Some employees were demotivated with the fact that their hard works are not considered. This situation required a good amount of emphasis so that the HR as well as the decision maker can analyze which is affecting most, the negative or the positive impacts. The advantages of Downsizing is cost saving, ability to eliminate low productive employees and updating. The initiative of the University was to face the challenges of the external environment created issues. With the contracting of members, the university could not sustain their present level of staffing. So keeping in mind her, downsizing their employees would help them reduce the number of employees to be compensated and provided salary and saving the money in order to have a good circulation and sustenance of the University (Sitlington and Marshall, 2011). Cost saving is one of the biggest advantage of downsizing. If more work is allotted to less number of people, then there will be a possibility to save cost. With that saved money the University can focus more on the other infrastructural improvements. Once the University achieves it desired goals then the University will be able to hire or rehire more staffs. Downsizing also helps in increasing the productivity of the existing employees (Hodgetts and Hegar, 2004). The fear of retrenchment and downsizing make the existing people more productive in their work. Many people take their job for grunted no matter whatever work they does. This brings a reluctant feeling among certain employees and they dont perform their best. Indirectly their individual performance results in bad impression for the organization. Suppose a faculty of the University is always late and most of the time remains absent in his or her period then the student will have a complaint that even after paying fees the fa culty is not doing his job properly. This might extend to students who might give a thought to take admission to the University. That faculty in this case definitely needs to be terminated, but instead the university is offering him voluntarily leaving the University to which he will be provided with compensation (Daft and Marcic, 2014). There is a type of hiring on the basis of reference; in that case there are chances of poor recruitment quality. If they are hired and later they find out that the employee is not appropriate for the profile then they can downsize the number of employees. There are also many disadvantages of downsizing that the university is presently confronting. These disadvantages are, fail in the creativity and productivity of the staff, reduction in general disquiet and job satisfaction among employees, and effect on the public image for the University. In the eye of the public Downsizing can mar the image of the University, this hampers the reputation of the university. A university should be known for its effective teaching, the increase in potentiality of the student and its work culture. Retrenching a good number of people might result in people making negative comments about the university (Child, n.d.). The existing employees might lose their interest of working thinking that he might be the next victim of downsizing. Thus the creativity and the productivity of the employee would lose to a great extent. There is also a fear of losing efficient and potential employee in downsizing. Hence it can be stated that downsizing affects the university to a great extent and in order to overcome these negative impact, there has to be a better Human Resource Strategy. References: Banfield, P. and Kay, R. (2008).Introduction to human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chalofsky, N. (2014).Handbook of Human Resource Development. Hoboken: Wiley. Child, J. (n.d.).Organization. Daft, R. and Marcic, D. (2014).Building management skills. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning. Daft, R., Murphy, J. and Willmott, H. (2014).Organization theory and design. Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA. Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J. (2011).The AMA handbook of project management. New York: American Management Association. Hcindia-au.org, (2015).Guidelines for Indian Students wishing to study in Australia | Studying in Australia | The High Commission of India in Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.hcindia-au.org/students-guidelines.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Hodgetts, R. and Hegar, K. (2004).Modern human relations at work. Mason, Ohio: South-Western. International Students. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] https://www.oecd.org/, p.4. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EDIF%202013--N%C2%B014%20%28eng%29-Final.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Kirkby, M., Dost, P., Holdwick, C., Poskie, M., Glaser, D. and Sage, M. (1998). Improving Staffing with a Resource Management Plan.JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 28(11), pp.25-29. Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014).Work Organization and Human Resource Management. Cham: Springer. Mason, G. (2011). Naming the 'R' word in racial victimization: Violence against Indian students in Australia.International Review of Victimology, 18(1), pp.39-56. Oecd.org, (2015).OECD.org - OECD. [online] Available at: https://www.oecd.org/ [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. RAVIMOHAN, A. (2010).Appreciation of Australias real exchange rate: causes and effects. 1st ed. [ebook] South Wales: https://www.rba.gov.au/, p.11. Available at: https://www.rba.gov.au/econ-compet/2010/pdf/first-year.pdf [Accessed 7 Mar. 2015]. Sekhri, A. (2010).Human resource planning and audit. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Sitlington, H. and Marshall, V. (2011). Do downsizing decisions affect organisational knowledge and performance?.Management Decision, 49(1), pp.116-129. Steigenberger, N. (2013). Power shifts in organizations: the role of high-performance work systems.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(6), pp.1165-1185. Tohidi, H. (2011). Human resources management main role in information technology project management.Procedia Computer Science, 3, pp.925-929.